See all articles by Rosa PaolicelliUniversity of Lausanne - Department of Biomedical Sciences
Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT - Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research
University of Victoria; Université Laval - Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval
University of Zurich - Institute of Neuropathology
Oregon Health and Science University - Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Immunology
University of Montpellier - Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF)
University of Leipzig - Institute of Anatomy
University of Pennsylvania - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
École Normale Supérieure (ENS)
AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG - Neuroscience Discovery
Duke University - Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
University of California, Irvine - Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
University of Groningen - Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems
University of Lisbon - Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
Hasselt University - Biomedical Research Institute
University of Cambridge - Department of Biochemistry
Harvard University - Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases
University of California, Riverside (UCR) - Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions
Fisiología e Inmunología - Unidad de Histología Medica
Washington University in St. Louis - Department of Pathology and Immunology
University of Oxford - James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research
Trinity College (Dublin) - School of Biochemistry and Immunology
Cleveland Clinic - Department of Neurosciences
Columbia University - Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology
University College London - Bart de Strooper
Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) - “Momentum” Laboratory of Neuroimmunology
University of Groningen - Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems
Mayo Clinic - Department of Neurology
Autonomous University of Barcelona - Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica
École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University - Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) - Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) - Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research
University of Southampton - School of Biological Sciences
Fisiología e Inmunología - Unidad de Histología Medica
University of Oxford - Sir William Dunn School of Pathology
The University of Sydney - Ken Parker Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre
The University of Manchester - Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation
University of Paris - INSERM
University of Zurich - Institute of Experimental Immunology
Washington University in St. Louis - School of Medicine
Universite du Luxembourg - Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine
University of Bonn - Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry
Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Institute for Neuropathology
University College London - UK Dementia Research Institute
Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Immunology
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres - Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
University of Virginia - Department of Neuroscience; University of Virginia - Center for Brain Immunology and Glia
University of Tokyo - Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology
Salk Institute for Biological Studies - Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory
Trinity College (Dublin) - Institute of Neuroscience
University of Rochester - Department of Neuroscience
King’s College London - Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases
University of Eastern Finland - A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences
University of Antwerp - Department of Biomedical Sciences
Humanitas University - Department of Biomedical Sciences
UK Dementia Research Institute
University of Edinburgh - MRC Centre for Reproductive Health
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
University of California, Berkeley - Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)
Discovery Pharmacology - Roche Innovation Center Zurich
University of Bordeaux - Neurocentre Magendie
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)
Vilnius University - VU LSC-EMBL Partnership for Genome Editing Technologies
University of Bonn - Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology
Kyushu University - Laboratory of Pathophysiology
Fudan University - Department of Neurosurgery
University of Zurich - Department of Molecular Life Sciences
UK Dementia Research Institute
Ohio State University (OSU) - Department of Neuroscience
Technische Universität München (TUM) - Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy
Sapienza University of Rome - Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Third Rock Ventures
University of Toronto - The Hospital for Sick Children - SickKids
Mount Sinai Health System - Nash Department of Neuroscience
University of Massachusetts Worcester - Department of Neurobiology
Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Neurobiology
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology
University of Florida - Division of Neuroscience
University of Freiburg - Faculty of Biology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
Celica Biomedical
Universidad San Sebastian - Faculty of Health Sciences
Nagoya University - Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM)
Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Mayo Clinic - Department of Neurology
Stanford University - Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences
Abstract
Microglial research has been constrained by a rolling series of dichotomies such as “resting versus activated” or “M1 versus M2”. This Manichean perspective of good or bad microglia is in sharp contrast with the wide repertoire of microglial functions, exerted from development to aging and diseases, brought to light in recent years. New designations continuously arising in the attempt to describe different microglial states from transcriptomics or other readouts may thus easily lead to the misleading, although unintentional, coupling of categories and functions. To address these issues, we assembled a group of multidisciplinary experts in microglial research and discussed our current understanding of microglial states as a dynamic concept. In this white paper, we provide a series of recommendations on the use of microglial nomenclature for researchers, reviewers and editors, including neophytes. We discuss gaps in knowledge and future challenges to tackle, providing a conceptual framework to understand microglial states.
Paolicelli, Rosa and Sierra, Amanda and Stevens, Beth and Tremblay, Marie-Eve and Aguzzi, Adriano and Ajami, Bahareh and Amit, Ido and Audinat, Etienne and Bechmann, Ingo and Bennett, Mariko and Bennett, Frederick and Bessis, Alain and Biber, Knut and Bilbo, Staci and Blurton-Jones, Mathew and Boddeke, Erik and Brites, Dora and Brône, Bert and Brown, Guy C. and Butovsky, Oleg and Carson, Monica J. and Castellano, Bernardo and Colonna, Marco and Cowley, Sally A. and Cunningham, Colm and Davalos, Dimitrios and De Jager, Philip L. and De Strooper, Bart and Dénes, Ádám and Eggen, Bart J.L. and Eyo, Ukpong and Galea, Elena and Garel, Sonia and Ginhoux, Florent and Glass, Christopher K. and Gokce, Ozgun and Gomez-Nicola, Diego and González, Berta and Gordon, Siamon and Graeber, Manuel B. and Greenhalgh, Andrew D. and Gressens, Pierre and Greter, Melanie and Gutmann, David H. and Haass, Christian and Heneka, Michael T. and Heppner, Frank and Hong, Soyon and Jung, Steffen and Kettenmann, Helmut and Kipnis, Jonathan and Koyama, Ryuta and Lemke, Greg and Lynch, Marina and Majewska, Ania and Malcangio, Marzia and Malm, Tarja and Mancuso, Renzo and Matteoli, Michela and McColl, Barry and Miron, Veronique E. and Molofsky, Anna Victoria and Monje, Michelle and Mracsko, Eva and Nadjar, Agnes and Neher, Jonas J. and Neniskyte, Urte and Neumann, Harald and Noda, Mami and Peng, Bo and Peri, Francesca and Perry, V. Hugh and Popovich, Phillip G. and Priller, Josef and Ragozzino, Davide and Ransohoff, Richard M. and Salter, Michael W. and Schaefer, Anne and Schafer, Dorothy P. and Schwartz, Michal and Simons, Mikael and Streit, Wolfgang J. and Tay, Tuan Leng and Tsai, Li-Huei and Verkhratsky, Alexei and von Bernhardi, Rommy and Wake, Hiroaki and Wittamer, Valerie and Wolf, Susanne A. and Wu, Long-Jun and Wyss-Coray, Tony, Defining Microglial States and Nomenclature: A Roadmap to 2030. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4065080 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4065080
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